![]() Everyone else has the access rights r-, meaning that they may read the file but not write or execute it. Thus in the above example, eva (the user who owns the file) has the access rights rw-, meaning that she may read and write the file but not execute it (since it's an HTML file, executing it wouldn't make much sense). An r, w or x means that the users do have the corresponding right, while a dash means that they do not. The three characters in each set indicate whether users in the relevant category may read, write or execute the file. The next nine characters fall into three sets of three, corresponding to the access rights of the user who owns the file, the group which owns the file, and all other users. It could also be a d for a directory, or various other letters for more obscure types of file. Here it is a dash because test.html is an ordinary file. The first character indicates the file type. To understand what it means, we need to break it into four parts. The "-rw-r-r-" is the part of the output that shows the permissions. If you are collaborating and want files which more than one person can edit, you need to pay attention to group ownerships. They can be ignored when you are working on your own files. Note: "eva" and "statsusers" are the user and group which own the file. ![]() ![]() rw-r-r- 1 eva statsusers 3325 Aug 2 09:15 test.html ![]() For example, here is the result of typing "ls -l test.html" in my home directory: You can view the permissions on a file by typing "ls -l filename". This page discusses how file permissions work in Unix and how to change them. File permissions provide a way of controlling whether other people can read (or even modify) your files. ![]()
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